Runes are the letters of ancient Germanic alphabets, with each rune representing a specific sound, symbolic meaning, and mystical association tied to Norse cosmology. They are commonly used in runic magick, divination, and enchantment.
Today, you will discover the rich history and origins of runes, their division into three aetts (families), and the intricate meanings and symbolism behind each individual rune. We will also delve into the esoteric aspects of runic symbolism, explore modern runic practices, and discuss ethical considerations when engaging with these sacred symbols.
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Elder Futhark: The First Aett (Freyja’s Aett)
The Elder Futhark, the oldest runic alphabet, is divided into three aetts, each associated with a Norse deity. The first aett, known as Freyja’s Aett, contains eight runes that embody themes of wealth, strength, protection, wisdom, and joy.
| Rune | Name | Meaning | Keywords |
|---|---|---|---|
| ᚠ | Fehu | Wealth | Abundance, prosperity, new beginnings |
| ᚢ | Uruz | Aurochs | Strength, vitality, untamed power |
| ᚦ | Thurisaz | Thor’s Hammer | Protection, defense, overcoming obstacles |
| ᚨ | Ansuz | Odin’s Rune | Communication, inspiration, divine wisdom |
| ᚱ | Raidho | Ride | Journey, progress, the right path |
| ᚲ | Kenaz | Torch | Knowledge, illumination, creativity |
| ᚷ | Gebo | Gift | Generosity, exchange, partnerships |
| ᚹ | Wunjo | Joy | Happiness, harmony, fellowship |
Fehu (Wealth), Rune #1
Fehu, the first rune of the Elder Futhark, symbolizes wealth, abundance, and new beginnings. It represents the tangible and intangible blessings in your life, reminding you to appreciate and cultivate prosperity in all its forms. Fehu encourages you to trust in the flow of abundance and to share your gifts with others.
Rune Fehu indicates a time of positive change and growth. Embrace new opportunities and trust that the universe will provide for your needs. Remember that true wealth extends beyond material possessions and encompasses the richness of your relationships, experiences, and personal growth.
Uruz (Aurochs), Rune #2
Uruz embodies the raw power and untamed energy of the wild aurochs, an extinct species of wild cattle. This rune represents strength, vitality, and the ability to overcome challenges through sheer force of will. Uruz reminds you to connect with your primal instincts and trust in your inner resilience.
When Uruz appears in divination or magickal workings, it may indicate a need for patience and endurance during difficult times. Alternatively, it could suggest the manifestation of strength, either physical or emotional, to tackle demanding situations or pursue ambitious goals. Uruz also encourages to cultivate a healthy relationship with your physical body, nurturing your vitality and well-being.
Thurisaz (Thor’s Hammer), Rune #3
Thurisaz is associated with Thor’s hammer, Mjölnir, a powerful symbol of protection and defense. This rune represents the ability to overcome obstacles, break through barriers, and assert your boundaries. Thurisaz reminds you of your inner strength and the importance of standing up for yourself and your beliefs.
Thurisaz may indicate a need to confront challenges head-on and defend your position. Trust in your ability to navigate conflicts and emerge victorious. This rune also encourages you to examine your own defenses and ensure that they are healthy and appropriate.
Ansuz (Odin’s Rune), Rune #4
Ansuz is closely linked to Odin, the Allfather of the Norse pantheon. This rune represents communication, inspiration, and divine wisdom. Ansuz reminds you to seek knowledge and truth, both within yourself and from external sources. It encourages clear and honest communication in all your relationships.
When you encounter Ansuz, it is an invitation to open yourself to divine guidance and inspiration. Trust your intuition and listen to the wisdom of your inner voice. Ansuz also emphasizes the power of words and the importance of using them wisely and truthfully.
Raidho (Ride), Rune #5
Raidho symbolizes the journey, progress, and the right path. Representing the importance of movement, both physically and spiritually, this elder futhark rune encourages embracing change as a path to enlightenment. Raidho reminds you that life is a continuous journey of growth and discovery, and encourages you to embrace change and new experiences.
Rune Raidho may suggest a need to assess your current path and make necessary adjustments. Trust that the universe will guide you towards your highest good, and be open to the lessons and opportunities that arise along the way. Raidho also emphasizes the importance of balance and harmony in all aspects of your journey.
Kenaz (Torch), Rune #6
Kenaz represents knowledge, illumination, and creativity. This rune is associated with the transformative power of fire and the light of understanding. Kenaz reminds you to seek wisdom and insight, both within yourself and from external sources. It encourages you to embrace your creative potential and express yourself authentically.
Rune Kenaz is an invitation to delve deeper into your own psyche and shed light on any hidden aspects of yourself. Trust in your ability to gain new insights and perspectives, and allow your creativity to flow freely. Kenaz also emphasizes the importance of sharing your knowledge and gifts with others, illuminating the path for those around you.
Gebo (Gift), Rune #7
Gebo symbolizes generosity, exchange, and partnerships. This rune represents the sacred nature of giving and receiving, and the importance of reciprocity in all relationships. Gebo reminds you that the universe operates on the principle of balance and that every gift you give will be returned to you in some form.
When Gebo appears in your reading, it may indicate a need to examine your relationships and ensure that there is a healthy balance of giving and receiving. Trust in the power of generosity and open yourself to the blessings that come from authentic connections with others. Gebo also encourages you to express gratitude for the gifts in your life and to share your own gifts with the world.
Wunjo (Joy), Rune #8
Wunjo represents joy, happiness, and harmony. This rune reminds you to cultivate a positive outlook and to find joy in the present moment. Wunjo encourages you to nurture your relationships and to create a sense of fellowship and community with those around you.
Rune Wunjo is perceived as a call to celebrate the blessings in your life and to share your joy with others. Trust in the power of positivity and allow yourself to experience the full spectrum of emotions, including happiness and contentment. Wunjo also emphasizes the importance of self-care and ensuring that your own needs are met, as this enables you to show up fully for others.
Elder Futhark: The Second Aett (Hagal’s Aett)
The second aett of the Elder Futhark, known as Hagal’s Aett, contains eight runes that embody themes of transformation, challenges, inner growth, and the mysteries of life.
| Rune | Name | Meaning | Keywords |
|---|---|---|---|
| ᚺ | Hagalaz | Hail | Disruption, transformation, uncontrollable forces |
| ᚾ | Nauthiz | Need | Necessity, challenges, self-reliance |
| ᛁ | Isa | Ice | Stasis, stillness, inner reflection |
| ᛃ | Jera | Year | Cycles, harvest, rewards of effort |
| ᛇ | Eihwaz | Yew | Resilience, endurance, spiritual growth |
| ᛈ | Perthro | Dice Cup | Chance, mystery, hidden knowledge |
| ᛉ | Algiz | Elk | Protection, self-defense, higher awareness |
| ᛋ | Sowilo | Sun | Success, wholeness, life force |
Hagalaz (Hail), Rune #9
Hagalaz symbolizes disruption, transformation, and the uncontrollable forces of nature. This rune represents the inevitable challenges and changes that occur in life, and the importance of adapting and growing through these experiences. Hagalaz reminds you that even difficult situations can lead to positive transformation and growth.
When you encounter Hagalaz, it may indicate a period of upheaval or unexpected change in your life. Trust in your ability to navigate these challenges and emerge stronger and wiser. Embrace the opportunities for growth and transformation that arise, and remember that change is a natural part of the cycle of life.
Nauthiz (Need), Rune #10
Nauthiz represents necessity, challenges, and self-reliance. This rune, rooted in Viking runes philosophy, reminds you that adversity can be a powerful teacher, helping you develop inner strength and resourcefulness. Nauthiz encourages you to face your challenges head-on and to trust in your ability to overcome them.
Rune Nauthiz suggests a need to cultivate greater self-reliance and inner resilience. Trust in your own abilities and resources, and be willing to do the necessary work to overcome any obstacles in your path. It could also signify the need to persevere through difficult times and find creative solutions to resolve problems. Remember that challenges are opportunities for growth and self-discovery.
Isa (Ice), Rune #11
Isa is associated with stasis, stillness, and inner reflection. This rune represents the importance of taking time for introspection and self-examination, even in the midst of life’s challenges and changes. Isa reminds you to find moments of stillness and clarity and to trust in the wisdom of your inner voice.
Rune Isa implies a need to pause and reflect on your current situation. Take time to go within and connect with your inner truth, allowing yourself to gain new insights and perspectives. Trust that this period of stillness is a necessary part of your journey, preparing you for the next phase of growth and transformation.
Jera (Year), Rune #12
Jera represents the cycles of life, the harvest, and the rewards of effort. This rune reminds you that all things have their own natural rhythm and timing, and that patience and perseverance are essential for achieving your goals. Jera encourages you to trust in the process of growth and to have faith in the outcomes of your efforts.
When Jera appears in divination or magickal workings, it may indicate a time of fruition and manifestation. Trust that your hard work and dedication will yield positive results, even if the timing is not always what you expect. Celebrate the harvest of your efforts, and remember that every cycle has its own lessons and blessings.
Eihwaz (Yew), Rune #13
Eihwaz symbolizes resilience, endurance, and spiritual growth. This rune is associated with the yew tree, which is known for its longevity and ability to thrive in challenging conditions. Eihwaz reminds you of your own inner strength and ability to overcome adversity, encouraging you to cultivate a deep connection with your spiritual path and the ancient wisdom of Viking runes.
Eihwaz represents a need to draw upon your inner reserves of resilience and faith. Trust in your ability to weather any storm, and remember that challenges are opportunities for growth and transformation. Eihwaz also encourages you to deepen your spiritual practice and to seek guidance from higher wisdom.
Perthro (Dice Cup), Rune #14
Perthro means chance, mystery, and hidden knowledge. This rune is associated with the unknowable aspects of life, and the importance of embracing uncertainty and trusting in the unfolding of destiny. Perthro reminds you that not everything can be controlled or predicted, and encourages you to cultivate a sense of openness and curiosity.
This rune reminds us that while we may plan and strive for certain outcomes, there are always elements of our lives that are beyond our control, governed by the workings of fate or the cosmic web of interconnected events. Embrace the unknown and be open to new possibilities and experiences. Perthro also encourages you to explore your own inner depths and to seek out hidden knowledge and insights.
Algiz (Elk), Rune #15
Algiz speaks for protection, self-defense, and higher awareness. This rune is associated with the elk, a powerful and majestic animal known for its strength and grace. Algiz reminds you of your own inner power and the importance of setting healthy boundaries and protecting your energy.
Rune Algiz shows us a need to assert ourselves and stand up for our beliefs and values. Trust in your ability to protect yourself and those you love, and remember that you have the right to set limits and say no when necessary. Algiz also encourages to cultivate a higher perspective and to connect with spiritual guides and allies.
Sowilo (Sun), Rune #16
Sowilo represents success, wholeness, and the life force. This rune is associated with the sun, the source of light and energy that sustains all life. Sowilo reminds you of your own inner radiance and the importance of aligning with your true purpose and path.
When Sowilo appears in your readings, it may indicate a time of positive growth and achievement. Trust in your own abilities and let your light shine brightly. Celebrate your successes and remember that you have the power to create a life of joy and fulfillment. Sowilo also encourages you to nurture your physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being, and to radiate positivity and love to all those around you.
Elder Futhark: The Third Aett (Tyr’s Aett)
The third and final aett of the Elder Futhark, known as Tyr’s Aett, contains eight runes that embody themes of self-sacrifice, growth, trust, and spiritual wisdom.
| Rune | Name | Meaning | Keywords |
|---|---|---|---|
| ᛏ | Tiwaz | Tyr | Justice, honor, self-sacrifice |
| ᛒ | Berkano | Birch | Growth, renewal, feminine power |
| ᛖ | Ehwaz | Horse | Trust, partnership, forward movement |
| ᛗ | Mannaz | Man | Humanity, interdependence, self-awareness |
| ᛚ | Laguz | Water | Intuition, emotions, the subconscious |
| ᛜ | Ingwaz | Ing | Fertility, completion, internal growth |
| ᛞ | Dagaz | Day | Breakthrough, transformation, enlightenment |
| ᛟ | Othala | Inheritance | Ancestral wisdom, heritage, spiritual legacy |
Tiwaz (Tyr), Rune #17
Tiwaz symbolizes justice, honor, and self-sacrifice. This rune is associated with the Norse god Tyr, who sacrificed his hand to bind the monstrous wolf Fenrir, ensuring the safety of the gods. Tiwaz reminds you of the importance of acting with integrity and courage, even when it requires personal sacrifice.
When Tiwaz appears in divination, it may indicate a need for decisive action, moral courage, or the resolution of legal or ethical matters. It could signify the importance of maintaining integrity, standing firm in one’s beliefs, and being willing to make sacrifices or endure hardships for the sake of a greater purpose. Tiwaz also carries a connection to leadership, strategy, and the ability to navigate complex situations with wisdom and foresight.
Berkano (Birch), Rune #18
Berkano represents growth, renewal, and feminine power. This rune is associated with the birch tree, which is known for its adaptability and resilience. Berkano reminds you of the cyclical nature of life and the importance of embracing change and new beginnings.
Rune Berkano means a time of personal growth and transformation. Trust in the process of renewal and allow yourself to shed old patterns and beliefs that no longer serve you. Berkano also encourages you to connect with your feminine energy, regardless of your gender, and to nurture yourself and others with compassion and love.
Ehwaz (Horse), Rune #19
Ehwaz implies trust, partnership, and forward movement, embodying the essence of old Norse wisdom. This rune is associated with the horse, a loyal and powerful ally that has played a significant role in human history. Ehwaz reminds you of the importance of building strong and trusting relationships, both with others and with yourself.
Ehwaz shows a need to cultivate greater trust and cooperation in your relationships. Be open to forming new partnerships and alliances, and remember that we are all interconnected and reliant on one another. Ehwaz also encourages you to trust in your own abilities and to keep moving forward on your path, even in the face of challenges.
Mannaz (Man), Rune #20
Mannaz signifies humanity, interdependence, and self-awareness. This rune reminds you of the shared human experience and the importance of recognizing our common bonds and struggles. Mannaz encourages you to cultivate a deep understanding of yourself and others, and to approach life with empathy and compassion.
Rune Mannaz suggests a need to reflect on your place in the larger human community. Remember that we are all connected and that our actions have an impact on those around us. Mannaz also encourages you to develop greater self-awareness and to take responsibility for your own growth and development.
Laguz (Water), Rune #21
Laguz symbolizes intuition, emotions, and the subconscious. This rune is associated with the element of water, which represents the deep, mysterious, and ever-changing aspects of our inner lives. Laguz reminds you to trust in your intuition and to allow yourself to feel and express your emotions in healthy ways.
This rune encourages us to tune into our intuition, our dreams, and the deeper wellsprings of our psyche, where profound insights and understandings often reside. It reminds us to embrace the mysteries of the unseen realms and to cultivate a connection with the spiritual and emotional aspects of our being.
Ingwaz (Ing), Rune #22
Ingwaz carries a connection to fertility, completion, and internal growth. This rune is associated with the Norse god Ing, who is known for his association with fertility and prosperity. Ingwaz reminds you of the importance of nurturing your own growth and development, and of bringing your goals and projects to fruition.
Rune Ingwaz may indicate a time of inner growth and transformation. Trust in the process of your own unfolding and allow yourself to gestate new ideas and possibilities. Ingwaz also encourages you to celebrate your achievements and to enjoy the fruits of your labors, while also planting seeds for future growth and success.
Dagaz (Day), Rune #23
Dagaz means breakthrough, transformation, and enlightenment. This rune represents the moment of clarity and insight that comes after a long period of darkness or struggle. Dagaz reminds you that even the most challenging situations can lead to growth and positive change.
Dagaz suggests a time of significant breakthrough or transformation in your life. Trust in the process of your own awakening and allow yourself to be guided by the light of your own truth. Dagaz also encourages you to embrace change and to welcome new opportunities for growth and expansion.
Othala (Inheritance), Rune #24
Othala, the twenty-fourth and final rune of the Elder Futhark, represents ancestral wisdom, heritage, and spiritual legacy. This rune reminds you of the importance of honoring your roots and the wisdom of those who have come before you. Othala encourages you to connect with your ancestral lineage and to draw upon the strength and guidance of your spiritual inheritance.
When Othala appears in your reading, it may indicate a need to reconnect with one’s roots, to embrace one’s cultural or familial heritage, or to establish a deeper sense of stability and belonging. It could signify the importance of cultivating a sense of home, whether literal or metaphorical, and nurturing the bonds that tie us to our ancestral lineages and the land we inhabit.
Runic Symbolism
The runes are deeply intertwined with Norse cosmology and mythology, and their symbolism extends far beyond their literal meanings. One of the most significant symbols in Norse mythology is the World Tree, Yggdrasil, which connects the Nine Worlds and serves as a conduit for the flow of energy and wisdom between them.
Each of the runes corresponds to a particular Norse deity or mythological figure, and their stories and attributes can provide deeper insight into the runes’ meanings and associations. For example, the rune Ansuz is associated with Odin, the Allfather of the Norse pantheon, who is known for his wisdom and self-sacrifice in the pursuit of knowledge.
The runes also have esoteric and spiritual significance, serving as tools for personal growth, self-discovery, and transformation. By working with the runes in meditation, divination, and magickal practice, you can tap into their archetypal energies and gain deeper insight into your own psyche and the mysteries of the universe.
Modern Runic Practices
Today, the runes continue to be used by many people as tools for divination, enchantment, and self-reflection. Contemporary runic divination often involves the use of rune sets, which can be made from various materials such as wood, stone, or clay. The runes are typically drawn or cast in a specific spread or pattern, and their positions and relationships are interpreted to gain insight into a particular situation or question.
In addition to divination, the runes are also used in modern magickal practices, such as the creation of talismans and the casting of spells. By inscribing runes onto objects or visualizing them in meditation, practitioners can tap into their energies and harness their power for specific purposes, such as protection, healing, or manifestation.
Read More: Runic Magick Basics: Spells and Symbols
When working with the runes, it is important to approach them with respect and reverence, and to understand their cultural and historical context. The runes are sacred symbols with deep roots in Norse and Germanic spiritual traditions, and it is essential to engage with them in a way that honors their heritage and meaning.
It is also important to consider the ethical implications of using the runes, particularly in light of their historical misappropriation by hate groups and extremist ideologies. As with any spiritual practice, the use of the runes should be grounded in a commitment to personal growth, compassion, and the greater good of all beings.
Runes Meaning: Key Takeaways
Runes are a powerful and enduring system of symbols that have captured the imaginations of people for centuries. By exploring their meanings, associations, and symbolism, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves, the world around us, and the mysteries of the divine.
Whether you are drawn to the runes for their historical and cultural significance, their use in divination and magickal practice, or their potential for personal growth and transformation, there is a rich and rewarding path of discovery awaiting you.
As you embark on your own journey with the runes, remember to approach them with an open heart and a curious mind, and to allow their wisdom and energy to guide you towards greater self-awareness, empowerment, and connection with the sacred mysteries of life.
